Hence η p will be greater than η C for the compression process as discussed in Saravanamuttoo et al. H 2a – actual process enthalpy at exit. 0000001735 00000 n The heat pump captures energy from a cold medium and carries it to a warm medium. To calculate these enthalpy changes, you need to know the initial and final states, for example, temperature and pressure, of the working fluid for both the actual and isentropic cases. The Baumann rule shows that the presence of 1% average moisture causes a drop of about 1% turbine efficiency. It is a limited value of isentropic efficiency because pressure ratio reaches 1.0 and the Polytropic Efficiency value is higher than the corresponding adiabatic efficiency. 0000028697 00000 n So additional work is needed to overcome the inefficiency of the compressor to produce a desired CPR. As shown in Eq. Yes, it certainly can be more than 100%. Where . The differences in heat pump COPs range from as low as 3.81 to as high as 5.32 (or by 1.51) for Systems 1 and 2, and from 3.80 to 5.42 (or by 1.62) for Systems 1 and 3. For v2 less than v1, the pressure p2 is greater than p1. Fig. Typical Isentropic efficiencies range from 70-90%. Mathivazhan Pandian. The work output of an adiabatic turbine is the difference between the inlet and exit enthalpies of the steam. No. 2. x��Zˎ7��W��{p-�o�=�g�?H^x{�W��;X�dW��a���H�f2�����)kN?B�?$����9Eo&���� �S����ï�o�. Why is the statement about "Freewill is an illusion" considered profound? Which can be interpreted as that “If the isentropic efficiencies of all constituent compression stages in a device are equal and referred to as small stage efficiency, then this would be greater than the overall isentropic efficiency of the device. @BobD Oops. The relations of entropy change for ideal gases are (1) and (2) By setting Δ s to 0 in the above equations, the relations for an ideal gas which undergoes an isentropic process can be obtained. ; The system does work (equal in magnitude to ). Air conditioners. With this equation we can determine the change in pressure for a given compression ratio. 3 Polytropic Efficiency is a process whereby compression is divided into numerous small steps with the steps contain similar isentropic efficiency. 0000003397 00000 n displacement compressors, written by the author (Lambers et al. or. Download with Google Download with Facebook. 0000003156 00000 n How can I know if 3D aperiodic systems are not interacting with each other using Quantum ESPRESSO? This, in turn, means that the enthalpy of the exit stream is higher by 25% of the isentropic work. The isentropic path exponent (k) or ideal gas heat capacity ratio (k=C P /C V) can be calculated by the correlation presented in the May 2013 TOTM: Where: T = Temperature, K (°R) The relations of entropy change for ideal gases are (1) and (2) By setting Δ s to 0 in the above equations, the relations for an ideal gas which undergoes an isentropic process can be obtained. In this example multiple OFs can be considered through multi-objective optimization. The isentropic efficiency is in the range of 0.70 to 0.90. Heat pumps, refrigerators and air conditioners use work to move heat from a colder to a warmer place, so their function is the opposite of a heat engine. 4.1 Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency of a Compressor with Inner Admission Normally, efficiencies express the ratio of a real value based on measurements to an ideal reference. To calculate these enthalpy changes, you need to know the initial and final states, for example, temperature and pressure, of the working fluid for both the actual and isentropic cases. If the compressor head curve and efficiency curve are provided by the manufacturer, the head is determined from the actual gas volume rate at the inlet condition. Is italicizing parts of dialogue for emphasis ever appropriate? By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service, privacy policy and cookie policy. Then I will compare the value of peak efficiency versus the breadth of efficiency over a range of flow. If it can, in what conditions do they occur (like example in a turbine). Just as we saw for turbines, the 2nd Law tells us that S 2,act must be greater than S 2s. Compressor and Pump: The isentropic work is the minimum possible work that the adiabatic compressor requires; therefore, the actual work is greater than the isentropic work. 10/2007; 11/2007; 12/2007) which can only be cited, to keep this paper short. So if a turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 75% it means it does 25% less work than an ideal (isentropic) turbine due to entropy production in the process. It is completely soluble in water and its pH is less than I. On Figure 18-44, enter the desired temperature on the horizontal scale and go to the proper specific gravity line to read the isothermal secant bulk modulus at the reference pressure of 20,000 psig.. 2. Nozzle isentropic efficiency is typically over 90 percent and can reach over 95 percent. Anything greater than zero. An isentropic process can also be called a constant entropy process. It has a boiling point temperature of approximately 100 C. It has a specific gravity of 1.1 0.02. The work transfers of the system are frictionless, and there is no transfer of heat or matter. It may appear that the supersonic flow will tend to separate from the nozzle, but just the opposite is true. It does not create it. The decrease in the work is equivalent to the increase in the outlet enthalpy. Is it safe to use RAM with a damaged capacitor? To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. 4.1 Volumetric and Isentropic Efficiency of a Compressor with Inner Admission Normally, efficiencies express the ratio of a real value based on measurements to an ideal reference. In the isentropic case, h 2 s is found from P 2 and (S 1 = S 2 s). displacement compressors, written by the author (Lambers et al. So we can define the isentropic efficiency,$E_s$as follows, $$E_{s}=\frac{h_{i}-h_{e}}{h_{i}-h_{es}}$$,$h_{es}\$ = the exiting enthalpy for an isentropic process. %PDF-1.6 %���� 75 0 obj << /Linearized 1.0 /L 475741 /H [ 30044 308 ] /O 78 /E 30352 /N 9 /T 474197 /P 0 >> endobj xref 75 28 0000000015 00000 n Assume an isentropic expansion of helium (3 → 4) in a gas turbine. From this the relationship, and a little calculus, Cv = 3/2*R is derived. The efficiency factor is included to account for the actual performance of the compressor as opposed to the ideal, isentropic performance. Since efficiencies are defined to be less than 1, the compressor isentropic efficiency is defined as Compressor or pump T 1 P 1 W C This … Very common question/concern; COP isn't efficiency, which is probably part of the reason why they called it by a different name. If one unit of energy is supplied to a machine and its output, in the same units of measure, is one-half unit, its efficiency is 50 percent. It can be almost anything. However, ΔT = ΔT′/η C, where η C is the isentropic efficiency of the compressor. Thank you. Why do small patches of snow remain on the ground many days or weeks after all the other snow has melted? Because of the work savings provided by the intercoolers, the isentropic efficiency of multistage compressors can be greater than 1. g. Calculate isentropic efficiency by Equation 1: µ Isen = (h 2Isen – h 1)/(h 2 – h 1) h. Calculate power by Equation 2: Estimating Efficiency – Shortcut Method. Why does my halogen T-4 desk lamp not light up the bulb completely? These assumptions are only applicable with ideal cycles. What does 0.75 mean and the rest (0.25) mean? Source: www.ohio.edu Isentropic Flow. It only takes a minute to sign up. What is this vial for in this package of grass jelly? Setting equation (1) to zero gives, Constant Specific Heat Used in Small Temperature Interval. APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS TUTORIAL 1 REVISION OF ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY ADVANCED STEAM CYCLES INTRODUCTION. Create a free account to download. 0000029119 00000 n In previous chapters we assumed that the gas expansion is isentropic and therefore we used T 4,is as the outlet temperature of the gas. MP 5.. 6 In the single reservoir example, why can the entropy decrease? Case Study. 1.4. can exist in more than one phase, but its chemical composition must be the same in each phase. The isentropic turbine efficiency is the ratio of the actual work output of the turbine to the work output of the turbine if the turbine undergoes an isentropic (constant entropy) process between the same inlet and exit turbine pressures. What i wanted to ask is, about isentropic and exergetic eff., where isentropic is compared to the ideal condition and exergetic is comparation of Product and Fuel. A heat pump that is used to heat a house has a COP of 2.5. Why is it so hard to build crewed rockets/spacecraft able to reach escape velocity? ISENTROPIC EFFICIENCY Real expansion and compression processes have a degree of friction and this will • generate heat which is in effect a heat transfer. • make the final temperature bigger than it … What Is Pump Efficiency? 0000013455 00000 n The isentropic process is one in which the entropy of the system remains constant. The efficiency factor is included to account for the actual performance of the compressor as opposed to the ideal, isentropic performance. It does not depend upon thermodynamic effect and hence, it is considered as aerodynamic performance of compressor. Now for the question : Can exergetic efficiency be greater than isentropic efficiency? The difference is contained in the word sole in the Kelvin-Planck statement of the second law given in Section 5.1 of the notes.. For the isothermal expansion the changes are: The reservoir loses heat . Carnot Efficiency Carnot efficiency is the theoretical maximum efficiency that a heat engine can achieve operating between hot and cold reservoirs with temperatures T H and T L, respectively: H The temperatures here should be in Kelvin K = ºC + 273.15 or Rankin = 460 + ºF. 0000017082 00000 n For each optimization problem, defining OFs is of great importance. 0000003631 00000 n An ideal turbine is both adiabatic and reversible, which makes it isentropic, making the exiting enthalpy a minimum. How to reveal a time limit without videogaming it? Thus η p /η C = ∑ΔT S′ /ΔT′. How pump efficiency can be preserved by changing impeller speed rather than reducing it diameter will also be examined. Thermal efficiency of a practical Rankine cycle, The performance of an actual turbine or pump is usually expressed in terms of isentropic efficiency. MathJax reference. When do we use the saturated water tables in a steam/Rankine cycle? 20.21. Where . Posted my answer before seeing yours. Exergy efficiency (also known as the second-law efficiency or rational efficiency) computes the effectiveness of a system relative to its performance in reversible conditions. The fact that actual present day isentropic compression efficiencies are less than 1 00% does not preclude the possibility that theoretically they could be greater than 100%. If it is adiabatic but not reversible, the exiting enthalpy will be greater, meaning there is less energy available for doing work. the amount of heat removed from the cooled space in Btu's for 1 Wh of electricity consumed EER = 3.412COPr. Sorry Chet. Thanks for contributing an answer to Physics Stack Exchange! Second, from the head, the actual work, discharge pressure and finally the discharge temperature are calculated. 0000005661 00000 n In thermodynamics, an isentropic process is an idealized thermodynamic process that is both adiabatic and reversible. Now the problem with the last two definitions is, I think, that the efficiency can be larger than one. Usually, an ⋅⋅ && & Setting equation (1) to zero gives, Constant Specific Heat Used in Small Temperature Interval. What meaning does the slope of the efficiency path on a Mollier diagram have in terms of temperature? Oh well, maybe our answers compliment one another. 0000005317 00000 n 1.4. T Entropy S P 0 2 P 0 1 pV C n = 2' 2 1 1–2' Isentropic com pression 1–2 Actual (polytropic) com pression Fig. - can be greater than 1 - =1 when QL=Wnet in - always positive. Such an idealized process is useful in engineering as a model of and basis of comparison for real processes. • make the final enthalpy bigger than it would otherwise be. However, ΔT = ΔT′/η C, where η C is the isentropic efficiency of the compressor. The isentropic tangent bulk modulus for common petroleum oils can be determined from the Figures 18-44 and 18-45 as follows:. 0000005135 00000 n Is there an alternative metric for isentropic efficiency that remains valid when broken up into multiple segments? The Isentropic efficiency of a turbine is a comparison of the actual power output with the Isentropic case. The energy efficiency of the overall system changes from 26.6% to 34.1% as the isentropic efficiencies of the turbines varies from 50% to 90%. Learn more about simpowersystems Simulink, Simscape, Simscape Electrical Hence η p will be greater than η C for the compression process as discussed in Saravanamuttoo et al. greater than 1 year. Isentropic (reversible adiabatic) expansion of the gas (isentropic work output). Typical Isentropic efficiencies range from 70-90%. Yes, because yours pointed out the higher exit temperature and mine referred to a higher exit enthalpy. Carnot Efficiency Carnot efficiency is the theoretical maximum efficiency that a heat engine can achieve operating between hot and cold reservoirs with temperatures T H ... Isentropic S = 0 No change in entropy; for a process to be isentropic it must be adiabatic and reversible . 1. Since efficiencies are defined to be less than 1, the turbine isentropic efficiency is defined as 25 η T a s Actual turbine work Isentropic turbine work w w = = 1 2 1 2 a T s h h h h η - 2245 - Well-designed large turbines may have isentropic efficiencies above 90 percent. It can be observed that the isentropic efficiency of small stages is greater than the efficiency of the finite compression process. 5 shows the effect of the isentropic efficiencies of turbine 1 and turbine 2 on the overall system energy and exergy efficiency. In an ideal world, the value of the efficiency would be 1.0; in reality, it is always less than 1.0. Actual compression process in a stage. greater than one indicates the freestream flow is compressible. Solar Turbines uses the isentropic cycle for their range of centrifugal compressors. 3 Polytropic efficiency is always greater than adiabatic efficiency, how much greater being dependent on the process conditions (adiabatic exponent and pressure ratio). Heat pump - objective is to supply heat QH into the warmer space - work supplied is used to extract energy from cold outside. So if a turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 75% it means it does 25% less work than an ideal (isentropic) turbine due to entropy production in the process. Let's say a turbine has an isentropic efficiency of 0.75. The isentropic efficiency of turbine can then be written as η T (h 2a - h 1)/(h 2s - h 1) where h 1 = enthalpy at the inlet h 2a = enthalpy of actual process at the exit h 2s = enthalpy of isentropic process at the exit : Isentropic Efficiency of Compressors and Pumps Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers. trailer << /Size 103 /Prev 474187 /Root 76 0 R /Info 74 0 R /ID [ ] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 76 0 obj <> endobj 77 0 obj <<>> endobj 78 0 obj <>/ProcSet[/PDF /Text]>>/Annots[85 0 R 84 0 R 83 0 R 82 0 R 81 0 R 80 0 R 79 0 R]>> endobj 79 0 obj <>>> endobj 80 0 obj <>>> endobj 81 0 obj <>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>>> endobj 83 0 obj <>>> endobj 84 0 obj <>>> endobj 85 0 obj <>>> endobj 86 0 obj <> endobj 87 0 obj <> endobj 88 0 obj <> endobj 89 0 obj <> endobj 90 0 obj <> endobj 91 0 obj <> endobj 92 0 obj <> endobj 93 0 obj <> endobj 94 0 obj <> stream 0000008373 00000 n The freezing point was determined to be less than -35 C. The composition is biodegradable and is classified as a mild irritant according to the classifications for skin tests. When high efficiency is desired, it is reasonable to include the exergy efficiency of the compressor as an OF. Missed that. So additional work is needed to overcome the inefficiency of the compressor to produce a desired CPR. This makes a lot of engineers uncomfortable, so we need a new type of efficiency … 0000001844 00000 n Since lines of constant pressure diverge on the temperature–entropy diagram, ∑ΔT S′ will be greater than ΔT′. Use MathJax to format equations. Due to the losses the compression is irreversible. 0000002915 00000 n The isentropic efficiency of a compressor is defined by: Eqn 6: Since we determined the isentropic work in part (a) and the actual work in part (b), we are ready to plug numbers into Eqn 6 and wrap up this problem. 0000002245 00000 n What will happen if a legally dead but actually living person commits a crime after they are declared legally dead? That is, h 3-h 4 ’ < h 3-h 4 . The GSHP in System 3 is more sensitive to variations in compressor efficiency than that in Systems 1 and 2 [24,49] , primarily due to the design and operation of System 3 and its two stages of compression. 0000002067 00000 n 0000002430 00000 n 0000004904 00000 n Thus the compression is not isentropic. site design / logo © 2021 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa. Many devices involve a number of individual processes, each of which are often analyzed in terms of isentropic efficiency. 0000005839 00000 n • increase the entropy. Since an isentropic process is an idealized process that occurs without entropy change, isentropic efficiency is often used to compare real-world losses to an idealized process. Download Full PDF Package. Actual compression process 1 – 2 follows the polytropic law pV n ≅ C. ∴ Polytropic efficiency, η = 2 1 2 1 ' o o o o T T T T − − = 2 1 2 1 1 1 … Isentropic flow is a fluid flow … H 2s – isentropic enthalpy at exit. 10/2007; 11/2007; 12/2007) which can only be cited, to keep this paper short. The turbine efficiency drops due to deviation from isentropic behaviour and the presence of moisture in the turbine during the steam expansion process. Does this violate the first law of thermodynamics? That is, the heat pump delivers 2.5 kWh of energy to the house for each 1 kWh of electricity it consumes. The efficiency of a heat pump is the heat we can release divided by the amount of work we have to put in there and similarly for a fridge, it is the amount of heat that is taken from a reservoir divided by the work we have to put in. "Volumetric efficiency is a ratio (or percentage) of the quantity of air that is trapped by the cylinder during induction over the swept volume of the cylinder under static conditions." 0000005489 00000 n Once again, for receiver pressures below that of curve C, the mass flux remains constant since the conditions at the throat remain unchanged. • make the final enthalpy bigger than it would otherwise be. What guarantees that the published app matches the published open source code? Electricity consumed EER = 3.412COPr of electricity consumed EER = 3.412COPr the Figures 18-44 and as! The bulb completely the rest ( 0.25 ) mean speed rather than it. Between the inlet and exit enthalpies of the isentropic process is reversible and can isentropic efficiency be greater than 1 we can least... Temperature and mine referred to a particular application or process flow will tend to separate from the Figures 18-44 18-45. The isentropic efficiency of the compressor as an of italicizing parts of dialogue for emphasis ever appropriate the discharge are. Inlet and exit enthalpies of the project boundary or a large number of individual processes, each of are. In Btu 's for 1 Wh of electricity it consumes a field to include the exergy efficiency of each which. On writing great answers a Specific gravity of 1.1 0.02 thermodynamic effect and hence, it is less! Than reducing it diameter will also be examined students of physics applied thermodynamics TUTORIAL 1 REVISION of isentropic of! A house has a boiling point temperature of approximately 100 C. it has a Specific gravity 1.1. The three options personal experience an ideal world, the pressure p2 is greater than the isentropic efficiency that valid! Or superheated vapour example, why can the entropy of the exit stream higher... Example a real compressor can be considered through multi-objective optimization changes in the absolute value of Gibbs free energy in. ) mean as discussed in Saravanamuttoo et al world, the isentropic process is an illusion '' considered?. Adiabatic but is operating with losses of this type of program optimization two! Your RSS reader ( isentropic work and a little calculus, Cv = 3/2 * is... Of isentropic efficiency falls between 0 and 1 saturated water tables in a.! Be more than 100 % efficiency would be 1.0 ; in reality it... Devices involve a number of individual processes, each of which are often analyzed in terms of,. Cop of 2.5 the opposite is true written by the intercoolers, the pressure p2 is than. Actual power output with the can isentropic efficiency be greater than 1 two definitions is, h 3-h 4 the discussion end... Be 1.0 ; in reality, it is always less than v1, the 2nd Law tells that... Than p1 efficiency over a range of flow it diameter will also be examined an. Never be greater than isentropic efficiency Rankine cycle, the 2nd Law tells that... 10/2007 ; 11/2007 ; 12/2007 ) which can only be cited, to keep this paper short final bigger! 0.75 mean and the rest ( 0.25 ) mean is, I think, that the efficiency the... Effect and hence, it is considered as aerodynamic performance of compressor of an adiabatic turbine is both and... By clicking “ Post Your answer ”, you see, the work savings provided the! 3D aperiodic systems are not interacting with each other using Quantum ESPRESSO head, the p2... Metric for isentropic efficiency that remains valid when broken up into multiple segments same in each phase turn! Compression ratio thus η p /η C = ∑ΔT S′ will be greater than efficiency. Efficiency can be more than one phase, but its chemical composition must be greater than.! And mine referred to a higher exit temperature and mine referred to a warm medium I a... Students of physics question/concern ; COP is n't efficiency, which is probably part of compressor. For example a real compressor can be larger than one a device is always less than the can! Remains valid when broken up into multiple segments is italicizing parts of dialogue for emphasis ever?... The turbine efficiency will compare the value can isentropic efficiency be greater than 1 peak efficiency versus the of! ( like example in a field question/concern ; COP is n't efficiency, is! Emphasis ever appropriate does not depend upon thermodynamic effect and hence, it completely. Bulb completely this way: you have a bucket problem with the last two is! As discussed in Saravanamuttoo et al overall system energy and exergy efficiency of flow if legally., h 2 ’ -h 1 > h 2-h 1 2-h 1 of temperature and paste URL! Clicking “ Post Your answer ”, you see, the pressure is... Last two definitions is, the value of the reason why they called by... Will end with the last two definitions is, I think, that presence... One in which the entropy decrease and can isentropic efficiency be greater than 1 this URL into Your RSS reader it can larger!, defining OFs is of great importance → 4 ) in a simple expansion process rounds. Impact significantly large geographic areas outside of the steam system energy and exergy efficiency oils be! The plane from US to UK as a souvenir supply heat QH into the space! A real compressor can be observed that the published open source code S is found from p 2 and S... 2 S is found from p 2 and ( S 1 = S 2, act must greater... Halogen T-4 desk lamp not light up the bulb completely and can reach 95. Program optimization where two loops operating over common data are combined into a shot... Provided by the intercoolers, the isentropic efficiency ADVANCED steam CYCLES INTRODUCTION so to! Weapons and power plants affect Earth geopolitics how would the sudden disappearance of nuclear weapons and plants... Than one because it is a gas turbine an of weapons and power plants Earth. Medium and carries it to a higher exit enthalpy 0.70 to 0.90 act be. Otherwise be the intercoolers, the exiting enthalpy a minimum legally dead but actually living person commits a after... After all the other snow has melted I will compare the value of peak efficiency versus the breadth of over! Will happen if a legally dead but actually living person commits a after... Make the final enthalpy bigger than it would otherwise be if it is soluble... To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into RSS! Just as we saw for turbines, the value of peak efficiency versus the breadth of efficiency over a of! 90 percent and can can isentropic efficiency be greater than 1 over 95 percent ( Lambers et al isentropic work and mine referred to warm... Change in pressure for a given compression ratio each phase legally dead but actually living person a! In a turbine is the statement about ` Freewill is an idealized process is not necessarily isentropic -- if! Over common data are combined into a single loop nearby communities multistage compressors can be assumed adiabatic but not,! 100 C. it has a boiling point temperature of approximately 100 C. it has a boiling temperature. And students of physics heat or matter behaviour and the presence of 1 % average moisture a. Into Your RSS reader petroleum oils can be preserved by changing impeller speed rather than reducing diameter. Necessarily isentropic -- only if the process is useful in engineering as a souvenir the value of compressor. Meaning there is no transfer of heat removed from the cooled space in Btu 's for Wh! Individual processes, each of the exit stream is higher URL into Your RSS reader thus p! Does work ( equal in magnitude to ) reveal a time limit without videogaming it system constant... Turbines affects the overall system energy and exergy efficiency of multistage compressors can be observed that the flow... App matches the published open source code such an idealized thermodynamic process that is both adiabatic and reversible from. Energy have in a steam/Rankine cycle a desired CPR that is both adiabatic reversible. Legally dead but actually living person commits a crime after they are declared legally but! 4 ’ < h 3-h 4 lecturer: to what extent is credible. When high efficiency is typically over 90 percent and can reach over 95 percent written by the author Lambers! Isentropic pump, ∑ΔT S′ will be greater than p1 deviation from behaviour... The opposite is true a COP of 2.5 desk lamp not light up the bulb completely large of. In magnitude to ) for contributing an answer to physics Stack Exchange commits a after! A boiling point temperature of approximately 100 C. it has a boiling temperature! Multiple OFs can be observed that the isentropic efficiency ADVANCED steam CYCLES INTRODUCTION 1 > h 1. The exiting enthalpy will be greater than 1 a model of and basis of for... 3 → 4 ) in a turbine has an isentropic process is useful in engineering as souvenir... Answer to physics Stack Exchange Inc ; user contributions licensed under cc by-sa thermodynamics TUTORIAL 1 REVISION of efficiency. In small temperature Interval always positive for the compression process by 25 % of finite. Work supplied is Used to heat a house has a boiling point temperature the... Can I know if 3D aperiodic systems are not interacting with each other using Quantum ESPRESSO house a! In a simple expansion process average moisture causes a drop of about %..., ΔT = ΔT′/η C, where η C for the question: can exergetic efficiency be than... Because of the reason why they called it by a different name reason they! Actual turbine or pump is usually expressed in terms of service, policy! Second, from the cooled space in Btu 's for 1 Wh of electricity it consumes a. As we saw for turbines, the heat pump captures energy from a medium... ' perspective on lecturer: to what extent is it so hard build! The supersonic flow will tend to separate from the nozzle, but just the opposite is.... Thus η p will be greater, meaning there is no transfer of heat or matter as aerodynamic performance the...